Our group established a model where mice immunized with the pcDNA3-hM2, a DNA plasmid carrying the entire M2AChR cDNA sequence, developed anti-M2AChR–associated DCM that mimicked important characteristics of human DCM, such as a decrease in LV wall thickness and a reduction in fractional shortening (FS)22. This evidence concerns the gene CHRM2 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.