VEGFA and breast cancer: Previous studies have quantified the induction of VEGF in stromal and tumor cells and found a 2 to 6 fold increase of VEGF in stromal cells and a 3 fold increase in a breast cancer cell line after 24 hours of hypoxia treatment; our EC-based model predicts a 3.5 fold increase in the intracellular VEGF level after 24 hours of simulation at 2% O2 (S2C Fig) [56, 57].