VEGFA and peripheral arterial disease: However, the mechanisms discussed above, including the model simulation of miR-based treatment for PAD, focused only on the regulation of pro-angiogenic cytokines, while pathophysiology of PAD is in fact affected by dysregulation of both pro- (e.g. VEGF) and anti-angiogenic factors (e.g. TSP-1, angiostatin) [86–88].