PPIP5K1 and infection: In the case of infection by the nopaline-type Agrobacterium, the host nucleocytoplasmic VBF protein36—a functional F-box analog of the octopine-type VirF encoded by the host plant and able to destabilize VIP1 and substitute for the missing VirF in a VirF(-) octopine-type Agrobacterium mutant37, 38—may fulfill this function of VIP1 destabilization.