Furthermore, in liver tissue samples, in contrast to the normal liver tissue in which Keap1 and p62 were dispersed in the cytoplasm, the tumor and non-tumor samples from HBV-associated HCC patients showed a palpable colocalization of p62 and Keap1 forming in the cytoplasmic the p62–Keap1 aggregates, with more such aggregates in the tumor tissues (Figure 4d). This evidence concerns the gene KEAP1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.