Infection by Listeria monocytogenes induced the early necroptotic death of Kupffer cells, which caused monocyte recruitment and an antibacterial type 1 inflammatory response.50 Kupffer cell necroptosis triggered hepatocytes to release the alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) and enhanced basophil IL-4 production.74 Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection results in progressive liver fibrosis leading to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Here, IL33 is linked to infection.