SMAD7 and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: In patients with pathological cardiac hypertrophy suffering from aortic stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, we observed a significant up-regulation of common DPF3a and HEY targets, such as GATA4, FOXO1, SMAD7 and TBX3. These genes play well-known roles in cardiac development and disease (47–50).