The candidates of the future investigation would be the epigenetic changes of the key substances of ER stress response, such as XBP1u, IRE1α, eIF2α, CHOP, GRP78 etc. On the other hand, gut-liver axis was recently proposed as a causatively linking between NAFLD and bowel inflammation41. The gene discussed is DDIT3; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.