HSPA5 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: With the exception of GRP78, these proteins are also confirmed autoantigens in human T1D (Baekkeskov et al., 1990; Keller, 1990; Gorus et al., 1992; Yang et al., 2006; Wenzlau et al., 2007; Gottlieb et al., 2014) along with additional autoantigens found in humans but not yet identified in NOD mice such as tyrosine phosphatase-like insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2) and IA-2β [also known as phosphatase homolog of granules from rat insulinomas (phogrin)] (Bonifacio et al., 1995; Lan et al., 1996), and islet cell autoantigen 69 (ICA69) (Pietropaolo et al., 1993).