TNF and acute kidney injury: We investigated whether T-5224 improved mortality by inhibiting the early (TNF-α) and late (HMBG-1) proinflammatory response in lethal LPS-induced AKI, based on the idea that T-5524 inhibits c-Fos/AP-1, which transactivates proinflammatory cytokines via promoter AP-1 binding motifs [10].