TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Considering that endothelial dysfunction can be defined as an unbalance in the production of vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, pro and anti-inflammatory substances, inhibitor and stimulator factors and pro and anti-coagulators (Rubanyi, 1993), the production of TNFα during obesity can be considered as an inductor of endothelial dysfunction (Kobayasi et al., 2010; Steyers and Miller, 2014).