The aim of this sudy is to investigate whether alterations of calretinin-immunoreactive neurons exist in the lateral, medial and dorsal septal nuclei in patients with schizophrenia and patients with affective disorders in comparison with healthy control subjects, based on the pathway between the septal nuclei and the habenular complex and the importance of calretinin in neurogenesis and animal models of psychiatric diseases. Here, CALB2 is linked to schizophrenia.