INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: We showed in this Type 1 rat model for BPH alone EX did not affect the insilin level, but in case of BPH + DM, the insulin level was substantially reduced in the BPH + DM rats, and EX was seen to slighly ameliorate the insulin level (Fig. 6b), suggesting that although insulin is an independent risk factor in the development of BPH, EX could more or less modulate the pathological (cholinergic adaptation, [31]) condition associated with BPH + T1DM (Fig. 6b).