PDE4D and prostate carcinoma: Members of the PDE4D subfamily have been implicated as underpinning the molecular pathology of various diseases including prostate cancer (Rahrmann et al, 2009; Henderson et al, 2014), stroke (Gretarsdottir et al, 2003), acrodysostosis (Kaname et al, 2014) and COPD (Yoon et al, 2014).