TNF and infection: Infection with H. pylori significantly upregulated gastric expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including: interferon gamma (IFNγ) (Fig 4)(p<0.0001)., tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), (Fig 4)(p<0.0001) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) (Fig 4)(p<0.05).