We found that, similar to the osteoblast precursor -human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC), estrogen upregulated osteoblastic marker expression (Runx-2, Type I Collagen, and Osteocalcin) in prostate cancer cells when cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium (Figure 4A), but not in the regular proliferation medium (Supplementary Figure 1D). The gene discussed is RUNX2; the disease is prostate cancer.