We found that, similar to the osteoblast precursor -human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC), estrogen upregulated osteoblastic marker expression (Runx-2, Type I Collagen, and Osteocalcin) in prostate cancer cells when cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium (Figure 4A), but not in the regular proliferation medium (Supplementary Figure 1D). Here, RUNX2 is linked to prostate carcinoma.