Indeed, it has been shown that both experimental models significantly induce renal cytokine levels [51, 52] and recent studies point out that elevated blood FGF23 levels are associated with inflammatory components (e.g. cytokines/chemokines) [53–55], and in CKD patients FGF23 and inflammatory markers are often both increased [55, 56]. Here, FGF23 is linked to chronic kidney disease.