In addition, D39 infection did not induce significant phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase (MAPK) (p>0.05), whereas significant (P<0.05) phosphorylation of p38 was induced by TNFα as early as 45min and a maximal response was observed by 2h with Nm-OM treatment (Fig 4C). The gene discussed is MAPK14; the disease is infection.