Additional factors have been identified to be associated with progression to cirrhosis: habitual alcohol intake, concurrent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), high levels of HBV replication, and patients who had HBeAg reversion, HBV genotype (C > B) [67, 68] and a higher proportion (>45 %) of BCP mutataion [69]. This evidence concerns the gene OPN1SW and infection.