PCK1 and fetal growth restriction: Up regulation of the gluconeogenic enzymes Glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic subunit (G6PC) and Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) that ultimately stimulate gluconeogenesis earlier in pregnancy was observed in IUGR piglet fetuses as a result of malnutrition combined with stress hormones including glucocorticoids and catecholamines [90].