TNF and Sepsis: In such studies, L-4F administered by IP injection was shown to block production of cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, reverse sepsis-induced hypotension, prevent organ damage, and restore renal, hepatic, and cardiac function, and increase both survival rate and average survival time in comparison to saline-treated controls (Gupta et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2009; Dai et al., 2010; Moreira et al., 2014).