GAPDH and lung carcinoma: By contrast, nuclear translocation of GAPDH was observed after a 48 h treatment with QAD in the HeLa-S3 human cells, whereas human lung carcinoma cells A549 treated with an siRNA directed against GAPDH are more resistant to QAD, suggesting that GAPDH could be involved in the cytotoxic activity of QAD in this model [181].