Devaraj et al. demonstrated that patients with T1DM (Type 1 diabetes mellitus)show an increased expression and activity of the TLR-2 and -4 on monocytes, which contributes to the accentuated proinflammatory state and complications of T1DM[44].TLR2 knockout reduces the pro-inflammatory state of diabetes and incipient diabetic nephrophthy[45]. The gene discussed is TLR2; the disease is diabetes mellitus.