CCL4 and fetal growth restriction: In the endometrium, we found that 3 members of serpins (ACT2, ACT3 and serpin A3-6), all of which are capable of inhibiting proteases to control proteolytic cascades and mediate apoptosis processes as caspase inhibitors by preventing apoptosis in mammalian cells [42, 43], were increased in the IUGR group, implying more intensive apoptosis stress in the IUGR placenta.