Stimulation of human proximal tubule cells isolated from histologically normal segments of renal cortex with IL-1β enhanced fibronectin production and promoted α-smooth muscle actin expression23 and IL-1R1 KO & IL-1β KO mice are protected from injury and collagen deposition in the unilateral ureteric obstruction model of kidney fibrosis24. This evidence concerns the gene IL1R1 and Ureteral obstruction.