The pro-survival effect of LPA as well as drugs approved by FDA for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (e.g. Nebivolol23, Irbesartan24) and drugs being evaluated in pre-clinical/clinical assays to improve heart function in patients/models with heart failure (e.g. INO100125, erythropoietin (EPO)26, VX-70227) was evaluated (Fig. 1A,B). Here, EPO is linked to heart failure.