Several recent studies have defined a role for the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in UPEC-mediated UTI33, 39, 60, and thus we investigated the capacity of EC958H1, EC958H7 and EC958H4 to induce IL-10 secretion in a co-culture model to take advantage of the interactions between different cell types in mixed infection assays33. This evidence concerns the gene IL10 and infection.