Our findings therefore indicate that by inducing hepcidin expression, phytoestrogens may be useful adjunctive nutraceuticals for controlling diseases of iron overload and also for preventing the sequelae of iron-induced toxicity such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, nephrotoxicity and carcinogenesis [44], [47], [48], [49], [58], [59], [60]. This evidence concerns the gene HAMP and hepatitis A virus infection.