Studies that investigate malaria and helminths co-infection reported a decrease of cytophilic IgG1 and IgG3 responses to MSP-1 and an increase in non-cytophilic IgG4 response to MSP-3 in individuals infected by Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercolaris, Trichuris trichiura and Hymenolepis nana [52]. The gene discussed is ATAD1; the disease is coinfection.