TGFB1 and neoplasm: M1 macrophages, activated by interferon (IFN)-γ or other microbial products, produce large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, express high levels of major histocompatibility complex molecules and are potent killers of pathogens and tumor cells [2], while M2 macrophages, usually activated by the IL-4/IL-13 immune complex, IL-10, or TGF-β, are associated with an immunosuppressive phenotype, an enhanced release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the abilities to support tissue remodeling and repair and to promote tumor growth and invasion [3-5].