As described above, part of the inflammation is clonal since MPN clonal cells produce inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-11, OSM, TNF-α, CCL3 (MIP-1α), and CCL4 (MIP-1β)); the eventual acquisition of IDH1/2 or TET2 mutations may aggravate “clonal inflammation” by altering the expression of certain receptors (IL-11Rα, TGF-βR1). Here, CCL4 is linked to myeloproliferative neoplasm.