Studies have shown that vaccination of human subjects with autologous tumor cells modified to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and antibody-based blockade of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) results in a humoral response against multiple angiogenic cytokines, including MIF. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.