S100β application results in tau hyperphosphorylation in cultured neural stem cells (Esposito et al., 2008)S100β overexpression increases neuronal death and reduces neuronal production in DS stem cells (Lu et al., 2011)S100β overexpression in Tg2576 AD mice increases Aβ deposition and BACE1 activity (Mori et al., 2010) Mice overexpressing S100β show accelerated signs of aging (Shapiro and Whitaker-Azmitia, 2004) neuropathology (Shapiro et al., 2004) and behavioral deficits (Borella et al., 2003). The gene discussed is S100B; the disease is Alzheimer disease.