NRF1 and adenocarcinoma: A previous study had shown that ETO enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis as evidenced by increased expression of TFAM, PGC-1α, NRF1, and mtDNA copy numbers, and increased staining with mitochondrial targeting dyes through ATM-dependent activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in human adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells33.