TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Specifically, a significant decrease in Th1 cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1A, IL-1B, IL-2, IL-12A, IL-12B, IL-15, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)] and concomitant increase in Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, and IL-10) are observed in tumor-adjacent noncancerous hepatic tissues in metastatic HCC patients [4, 5].