PTGS2 and neoplasm: Accordingly, inhibition of COX-2 prior or during PDT with NSAIDs decreased tumor cell survival in a variety of (tumor) cell lines [242, 245, 251, 279–281, 286], which coincided with a reduction in levels of PGE2 [244, 280] and the proangiogenic factors MMP9, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and VEGF [280].