B. fragilis is known to induce signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and Th17-dependent pathway in colitis-associated CRC (see Supplementary Data 8 for detection of bft genes from enterotoxigenic B. fragilis)37 whereas the abundance of Granulicatella adiacens in saliva is associated with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer39. Here, STAT3 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.