In addition, increases in HAAs were associated with reductions in total lung capacity (TLC) both in analyses of all participants (after adjusting for covariates including age, sex, race, body mass index [BMI], smoking behavior, the percent of emphysema and COPD status) and in analyses limited to those with ILA (after adjusting for covariates). Here, TNFRSF9 is linked to pulmonary emphysema.