Also, neurodegenerative effects of IL-1 are reported in brain injury (Murray et al., 2015), endotoxemia (Cardona et al., 2006b), and multiple sclerosis (Hooper-van et al., 2003; Heidary et al., 2014; Peelen et al., 2015). Here, IL1B is linked to serum lipopolysaccharide activity.