To further evaluate the relationship between elevated JAM-A expression and refractoriness, we measured F11R expression by qRT-PCR in fresh CD138+ cells isolated from 6 patients with newly diagnosed MM, 4 MM patients who were relapsed/refractory to BZ and lenalidomide, and 1 Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia patient who was refractory to BZ treatment (Table 2). Here, F11R is linked to Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.