ESR1 and carcinoma: In rodent females, BPA exposure has been shown to cause alterations in both development and gene expression of the mammary gland, cystic ovaries, endometrial hyperplasia, adenomyosis, leiomyomas, atypical hyperplasia, stromal polyps, ductal hyperplasia and carcinoma, a decline in fertility and fecundity, decreased wet weight of the vagina, decreased volume of the endometrial lamina propria, and an increased expression of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and progesterone receptors [17,18,19,20,21,22,23].