REN and acute kidney injury: High-risk patients can be monitored with biomarkers of AKI.20,21 Additionally, although there is still paucity of evidence, RRT can be commenced early15,16 or anti-inflammatory therapy can be applied.48 Nephrotoxic combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and/or diuretics should be avoided.55 Our risk factors can also improve selection of high-risk patients by incorporation into inclusion criteria of clinical trials.