Cytokines are released by T cells and macrophages, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and osteopontin (OPN)1, which induce matrix metallo-proteinase activity, EMC degradation and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype change leading to AAA formation5, 6. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is triple-A syndrome.