USP9X and cancer: USP9X has been isolated as a component of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes, and potentially functions as a negative regulator of mTOR [36] (Figure 4), with links to anoikis resistance and chemotherapy response in multiple cancer types [35, 37, 38] warranting further investigation to assess the likely impact on new treatments being trialled in LGSC.