Innate immune cell surface receptors, namely, TLR2, TLR4, and CD14, are known receptors for extracellular HSP60, resulting in the release of mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NO, which in turn enhance inflammation in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), atherosclerosis, arthritis, and transplant rejection. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and diabetes mellitus.