TNFSF10 and Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: In a small study (involving 25 participants) of Osmancik et al. on patients undergoing ablation of AF they found a mean concentration of the TRAIL 113.7 ± 29.4 pg/mL in patients with paroxysmal AF and 116.9 ± 30.6 in subjects with persistent AF [19].