TXN and infection: In conclusion, we have characterized two typical thioredoxin system genes from H. armigera, and determined the temporal and spatial expression profiles of HaTrx2 and HaTrxR1. The transcription of HaTrx2 and HaTrxR1 was induced by various types of adversity (low temperature, high temperature, UV light, mechanical injury, E. coli exposure, M. anisopliae exposure, and NPV infection), suggesting HaTrx2 and HaTrxR1 play important roles in resistance to various types of adversity.