TNF and neoplasm: Pro-inflammatory fibroblasts have been shown to produce TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the polysaccharide hyaluronan, as well as inflammatory chemokines (e.g., IL-8, CCL5, CXCL1) [12,13,15], thus sustaining leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed tissue or supporting tumorigenesis and tumor-enhanced inflammation [10,11], activating genes that control cell survival, angiogenesis and invasiveness [24,28,29].