In contrast, prostate cancer treatment decisions are still based almost exclusively on histological architecture (Gleason score) (Gleason, 1966; Gleason and Mellinger, 1974), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (Catalona et al., 1994) and local disease state (TNM, WHO 2009), without attention to molecular characteristics. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and Familial prostate cancer.