TGFB1 and neoplasm: Additionally, numerous soluble mediators, including TNF-α [18], TGF-α [19], TGF-β [20], IL-1β [21], IL-1α [22], IL-6 [23, 24], IL-8 [25], VEGF [26], and others have been implicated in PC carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and treatment resistance.