There was a correlation between HAT expression in CD28nullCD8+ T and NKT-like cells co-expressing perforin and granzyme b in the COPD group but not controls (eg., R = .071, P = .031 for HAT + granzyme b + CD28nullCD8+ T cells for COPD group). Here, TMPRSS11D is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.